Budget Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Budget Proposal - Essay Example (Womack, 2009) Indeed, it is justified to argue that performance of department is fairly lower than police agencies in other US states and cities. Our department does not have enough personnel as only fewer than 250 employees are on job against announced vacancies of 310. Hence, the police officials are unable to share various law enforcement responsibilities and fulfill their duties that are assigned by Department Head and state authorities. This in turn leads to extreme work overload over existing officers thereby resulting in mental stress and reduction in performance and efficiency. In addition, the employees’ morale has reduced because of comparatively low wages at Macon Police Department against other area departments including ‘Bibb County Sheriff’s Office and The Medical Center of Central Georgia’. Similarly, there are also fewer chances for officers to attain extrinsic financial rewards (bonuses, pay increase etc) and promotions. Together, these factors demotiva te the police officers and compel to either switch their jobs or showcase low performance. Turnover rates may also increase in future if the above two factors are not rectified. (Womack, 2009) As far as internal efficiency of Macon Police is concerned, it should be pointed out that officers have been using old vehicles (that require immediate maintenance and repair) with out dated in-car cameras. Similarly, department also does not have any modernized computer equipments, information systems and technology that could help in record keeping of crimes, immediate information access and in crime investigation. In order to improve department’s overall performance in the light of above mentioned analysis of problems, there is dire need to improve job pay scale and employee promotional system so that officers’ morale, confidence and commitment with their job could be increased. As a result,

Conflict between Free

Conflict between Freewill and Fate Essay Sophocles lived in the 5th Century BC, arguably the age at which the Greeks started questioning the validity of their Gods and Religious beliefs. As a playwright and as a keen social observer (he is credited with winning the maximum number of awards for his plays during his lifetime among his contemporaries), Sophocles might have felt an obligation to emphasize that Fate and Gods were what guided the human life. A healthy respect for Fate was required to accept Life in its entirety. The underlying concept of the story of Oedipus Rex is the all encompassing power of coincidences. One might choose to call it Fate or a deterministic Universe. For Sophocles and all his readers, it is the amazing possibility of symmetry in events. What is Free Will? Freewill is the ability to take independent decisions, and it also includes a deep rooted desire to counter any attempt to predetermine future. Freewill always tends to adopt measures to break loose from any prediction. This tendency to try and break away from any foregone conclusion has been the chief motivation for progress. But, in the limited context of Oedipus Rex, predictions, instigate the freewill to try and rebel. Prominent evidence of this struggle from Oedipus Rex â€Å"An oracle Once came to Laius (I will not say Twas from the Delphic god himself, but from His ministers) declaring he was doomed To perish by the hand of his own son, A child that should be born to him by me. †(lines 713-715) Jocasta and Laius were forewarned through a Prophecy that a son born through their union shall slay Laius. But this only led them to banish the child to be killed in the hope that the prophecy is belied. At the same time, the prophecy to Laius and Jocasta was not complete – it did not talk about the incestuous relationship their son would have with his mother. â€Å"†¦Apollo sent me back Baulked of the knowledge that I came to seek. But other grievous things he prophesied, Woes, lamentations, mourning, portents dire; To wit I should defile my mothers bed And raise up seed too loathsome to behold, And slay the father from whose loins I sprang. †(lines 816-821) Thus was Oedipus forewarned. He had gone to the Oracle to find out if there was any truth in the scandal that was spreading in Corinth that he was not the son of the king Polybus of Corinth. Instead of giving him any clarity on his confusion, the oracle set him on the course of his life that would fulfill the prophecy. When he learnt that he shall commit murder of his father and incest on is mother, Oedipus was still under the impression that Polybus and Dorian were his parents. To avoid any such possibility in his life, Oedipus decided to leave Corinth and that journey (prompted wholly by the prophecy) actually set him on the path to his destiny – A self fulfilling prophecy. These two are the most important manifestations of freewill trying to rebel against a rarely revealed future events of fate. When it is prophesied that certain events of great magnitude or villainous impact are about to happen in the future, it is the absolute nature of the freewill to try and avoid it. Arguments suggesting that Sophocles does not support the supremacy of Fate over Free will Eminent scholar E. R. Dodds in his â€Å"misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex† criticizes the most significant ways of understanding Oedipus Rex. His most important grouse is that the scholars and students alike fall prey to viewing Sophocles’ work through the prisms of philosophical thought processes which were non-existent during Sophocles’ time. Besides, the student community that studies Oedipus Rex tries to ascribe motive where none might have been intended. Point wise rebuttal to Dodds’s arguments Dodds. In his scholarly analysis of the popular misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex puts forth the following points in defense of his arguments. †¢ Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be a villainous person being punished by Gods for his evil thoughts and actions. †¢ Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be the prototype Greek tragic hero, whose one tragic flaw creates all the tragic consequences in the drama. †¢ Sophocles does not intend to state that there is no scope for free will and that the Fate reigns supreme. The first point of the argument is valid as Sophocles designs the character of Oedipus as heroic and it is prominently mentioned in most conversations of the stand alone characters and the chorus. His valor, his compassion and his ability to seek truth even if it be detrimental to his own self are heroic characteristics designed to evoke a mixture of admiration for his strength of character and sympathy for the travails he undergoes. The chorus sing the virtues of the king in unequivocal terms and all the incidents that lead to the story of Oedipus Rex establish his character as admirable, if not entirely beyond reproach. (his suspicion of his brother-in-law might be a lapse, but not a flaw of character) â€Å"Upraise, O chief of men, upraise our State! Look to thy laurels! for thy zeal of yore Our countrys savior thou art justly hailed:†(lines 53-55) Tragic Flaw While trying to relieve Oedipus of the tragic flaw, Dodds tries to reason that the concept of hamartia led by hubris is not evident in the Sophoclean hero. It can be argued that â€Å"Poetics† of Aristotle was a guiding light to playwrights and was a great contributor in shaping Greek literature. But it was within the capacity of the playwrights, creative geniuses all, to reinterpret the laws or rules of Poetics to further their own literary achievements. Even while adding his own interpretation to the concept of tragic flaw, Sophocles remains loyal to the concept per se. The tragic flaw of Oedipus might have been the fact that even when he was forewarned of a future in which his life shall harbor aberrations that the natural universe abhors, he had the courage to try and avoid it. A lesser man would have hid behind the inevitability of Fate or made such drastic changes to his won character as to avoid any such possibility. As Dodds suggests, some of the readers of Oedipus wonder why Oedipus did not give up fighting (even in self defense) against people older than him or in engaging in physical relationship with women older than him. Dodds answers saying that we are not to question what is not in the play. In fact, this might be the tragic flaw of the protagonist. Even after he is warned of the possibility of patricide and incest, Oedipus does not leave behind his virtuous qualities of valor (which leads him to kill Laius) and compassion (which leads him to free Crete from the songstress and take Jocasta as his wife). His sense of righteousness makes him leave Corinth to avoid patricide and incest as he believes Polybus and Dorian to be his parents. This flight is in the strongly held belief that he detests the unnatural acts of patricide and incest and it is within his capacity to avoid them by charting his own course and at the same time retaining his primary character traits of compassion and courage in the face of adversity. Dodds stresses his argument that Sophocles does not intend to make any statement on the finality of Fate and he bases it on two points. †¢ Sophocles is not the victim of any knowledge of determinism which was a later stage philosophical development largely credited to the Kantian determinism. †¢ Sophocles does not intend to preach the supremacy of fate because most incidents of the Play are a result of the exercise of Free will. Sophocles might not have been privy to the philosophical leanings of the determinism of the late 18th and early 19th century. But that does not exclude the gamut of his knowledge from knowing anything of that. In fact philosophical treatises have been, for the most part, clarified pronunciations of the existing thought derived through scientific observation. Determinism as a clear treatise might not have been available to the Greek playwrights but the concepts of a superior design to life which has the power to supersede human interventions has always caught the fascination of creative contributors as evidenced from the earliest forms of literature. The French concept of Poetic justice or the Christian concepts of adequate justice have been used in works earlier than these periods but they have been recognized and grouped only in the last four to five centuries. It is not that the critics are viewing the older works through newer prisms but the scholars are able to identify the evidence of such concepts even in earlier works. This is intellectually honest analysis and it is hard to understand why Dodd argues them to be invalid. For instance, if Pasteur discovered germ theory of disease in the early part of the 19th century, why is it not valid to find that similar germs or micro-organisms were cited in the out break of any contagious disease in the previous centuries. The scientists and philosophers in both cases have only discovered what was either already existent or known in some different form. Therefore, it seems invalid to argue that Sophocles might not have had the supremacy of Fate or determinism in mind when he crafted the symmetrical cycle of events in Oedipus Rex. Dodds says that Oedipus Rex is a manifestation of Free will. In his own words, â€Å"Oedipus might have left the plague to take its course; but pity for the sufferings of his people compelled him to consult Delphi. When Apollos word came back, he might still have left the murder of Laius uninvestigated; but piety and justice required him to act. He need not have forced the truth from the reluctant Theban herdsman; but because he cannot rest content with a lie, he must tear away the last veil from the illusion in which he has lived so long. Teiresias, Jocasta, the herdsman, each in turn tries to stop him, but in vain: he must read the last riddle, the riddle of his own life. The immediate cause of Oedipuss ruin is not Fate or the gods—no oracle said that he must discover the truth—and still less does it lie in his own weakness; what causes his ruin is his own strength and courage, his loyalty to Thebes, and his loyalty to the truth. In all this we are to see him as a free agent: hence the suppression of the hereditary curse. And his self-mutilation and self ¬-banishment are equally free acts of choice. †(Dodds 1985, p71) But these are not manifestations of free will but the struggle of free will against an all powerful fate. All the attempts made by the wise and virtuous Oedipus to avoid the aberrations of nature at his won hand are defeated partly by design and partly by curious coincidences. Conclusion Aristotle’s Poetics suggests that Greek drama is not pure entertainment. It had a communal function to contribute to the development of the community. It is easy to believe that Sophocles was a strict adherent to this principle because he won the most competitions during his lifetime compared to any of his contemporaries. His dramas were popular with both the entertainment-seeking public and the critics. Therefore it is safe to assume that Sophocles tries to establish the depravity of the acts of Patricide and incest through Oedipus. The message that resonates is that if a man of great wisdom, courage and all admirable qualities like Oedipus can fall prey to the hands of fate and commit the most heinous of acts, it is but the duty of the wider public to guard against any temptations that might make them break the natural or communal law. Besides, if Oedipus could not over come his guilt even after trying his entire life to avoid such acts and if the guilt is so all consuming that he blinds himself and seeks exile, it is better for the normal man to watch out for any of these sins. The all-consuming guilt is so over powering that no man can remain nonchalant after committing any of these crimes knowingly or unwittingly. A good moral for a drama that retains its mystique and appeal due to its craftiness and perfect symmetry in the cycle of events References Dodds. E. R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief: And Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York : Oxford University Press (Translated by Malcolm Heath). Aristotle. 1996. Poetics. London: Penguin Classics

Hella Company Human Resources

Hella Company Human Resources Manage Human Resources as a manager in an organization Introduction: I am going to represent a report on Human Resources as a Human resource manager of HELLA New Zealand. HELLA-New Zealand Limited was founded in 1973. HELLA manufacture, market and distribute products in New Zealand. Company is part of the HELLA Asia Pacific Group. Today the company designs and manufactures innovative lighting products for the commercial transport and automotive industries, using the latest LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology. With these products HELLA New Zealand is a supplier to automotive manufacturers and commercial transport fleets all over the world. HELLA is a prominent brand in the New Zealand aftermarket and in the commercial transport sector, with key relationships with original equipment bus, coach and trailer manufacturers. HELLA New Zealand strives to provide world-class products that contribute to the safety of the automotive and transport industry through enhanced vision and visibility. HELLA is a leading edge designer and manufacturer of energy efficient lighting products that always meet customer expectations for innovative design, durability and quality Organizational Structure of HELLA New Zealand In Organizational structure of HELLA NZ top most position in Auckland Branch is Managing Director and All Department Heads Reports to MD. In Every Department there is Supervisor and process workers. Supervisor reports to Department Head. Skills and abilities of three positions from Organizational structure. I have selected three positions Assembler, Production Supervisor and distribution Supervisor. First we will discuss about Assemblers skills and abilities. Main job of assembler is to assemble different parts and create a full thing. In HELLA assembler is who assemble different part and make a light which can be fitted in car or other vehicles. Skills requirement for Assembler Job. Ability to follow instruction and diagram Accuracy and speed for repetitive task performance Concentration on work IT skills Computer knowledge Quality focus Decision making Control of instrumentation Safety management These are skills which required for a assembler job. Person must have ability to use these skills. Person should be healthy, Eye vision should be perfect, High concentration level is required to perform tasks, Person should be able to sit/stand for a long time period etc. Skills requirement for Production Supervisor. Production Supervisor is person who is looking after employees associated with production work. He keep eye on work and workers to ensure good and quality work to be done. He manage team of workers and handle all inquiries of them. Supervisor requires to have multiple skills and ability to perform job. Speaking or communication skill Critical thinking Monitoring self and others work performance Coordination Time Management Decision Making Comprehension of reading Active listening Leadership Analytical Complex problem solving Management of material and financial resources Service oriented and Quality control Supervisor must have abilities to perform his role like Active listener, attentiveness, concentration, analytical mind, problem solving, helping to others. Skills requirement for Distribution Supervisor. Distribution Supervisors job is to organize storage and distribution of goods. Here in HELLA NZ There is distribution team managed by distribution supervisor. After production of final product distribution team is doing the work of storage and distribution to the companies or buyers. Distribution supervisor require skills similar to the production supervisor and some extra skills also required. Good time management ability Decision making and problem solving and offer creative solutions Numeracy and commercial awareness Ability to handle electronic data and IT knowledge Change management A Strong interpersonal skills and manage people Excellent communication skill, written and speaking Analytical and negotiation Positive attitude Identify deficiencies in current and optimal skills and abilities. In the above three positions, skills and abilities of the employees is as per the required optimal skills and abilities but there are little deficiencies in the skills of the employees. Optimal skills and abilities are those which are required to achieve organizational objectives and goals. Success of any organization is based on the ability and skills of its employees how they perform work and the productivity of workers. Each departments should have their goals and they must work to achieve that goals which are linked with the goal of organization. In the above said positions the product supervisor is somehow not cooperative to the employees and other departments. His behavior towards worker is not good. Team meetings in the team is very necessary and effective for productivity but he is doing meeting everyday which was not scheduled It waste time of workers which effect production of company. He should schedule meeting before shift or after shift. Work should not interrupted. Inte rpersonal skill and time management skill here lack in this position. Recommendation to address deficiency in skills and abilities Here there is some recommendations to fulfill deficiency in skills of employees we need to escalate it to higher management and give feedback to supervisor about his behavior and unnecessary waste of time. There is company policies about behavioral issues in the company employees should get aware of these policies. A time management training program should be organized for all employees. To improve skills of employees company should arrange training and development programs. According to my view organization structure of the company is perfect and it is as per optimal structure. Every position is as per hierarchy. Reporting of the staff is to supervisor, supervisor reports to Assistant Manager, Assistant Manager to Head of the department or Manager and Every Manager report to Managing Director of the Company. If there is any issue unresolved by reporting manager it can be escalated to next management level. Alternative of Staffing HELLA NZ is supplier of automobile lights. We hire temporary staff for fixed term in the busy time when there is more demand of lights and during the Christmas period when factory remains closed for three weeks. For other alternative of staff we hire some casual staff to backup of our employees when someone need leave or sick leave. We are also hiring some part time employees to occupy the shifts when there is less workers. We have contract with a recruitment agency who provide us staff when there is need of more employees.

Benjamin Franklin :: essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin: New World Physicist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston Massachusetts. He was one of seventeen other brothers and sisters. His father, Josiah Franklin, who emigrated from Oxfordshire, England, worked as a soap boiler and tallow chandler. Benjamin’s mother, Abiah Folger, was from Nantucket but her family derived from England as well. Benjamin Franklin’s entire life, which lasted almost the entire eighteenth century, was based upon order and systematic discipline in addition to his dependence on wisdom and intelligence. Franklin was sincere, honest, and was apt to self-examination. He acquired long lasting friends from persons of every age. Franklin found unquestionable delight in living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjamin Franklin started attending school at the age of 8 and was at the head of his class by the end of his first year. After only attending his first school for one year he moved on to math and arithmetic school. He failed out of that school by the time he was 10. He then quit school completely in order to assist his father in the soap and candle making business. At age 12 he moved on to be an apprentice to his older brother James, who was a printer. Soon Franklin had ambitions to write and by age 16 he had written a series of letters by an imaginary author. The letters were printed in the New England Courant, which was published by his brother. Still pursuing his writing career, he ran away to Philadelphia and continued working in the printing business. He arrived in 1725 with one Dutch dollar and one copper shilling. By 1729, he had bought and published The Pennsylvania Gazette. He then married his landlady’s daughter, Deborah Reed. In the next seventeen years Franklin had three children, published the first Poor Richards Almanac, and invented the Pennsylvania fireplace, among many other things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1747, Franklin began his electrical experiments and then retired from the printing trade. His book, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, was published soon after that. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765 and Franklin wrote anonymously in London newspapers against the act, which was repealed the next year. In 1771, he wrote the first part of his autobiography, three years before his wife died. In 1776, Franklin, along with Adams, Livingston, Jefferson and Sherman, drafted the Declaration of Independence. It was adopted on July 4, 1776. Later in 1776, Franklin was elected as the Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention and appointed one of the three commissioners to the French Court. Benjamin Franklin :: essays research papers Benjamin Franklin: New World Physicist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston Massachusetts. He was one of seventeen other brothers and sisters. His father, Josiah Franklin, who emigrated from Oxfordshire, England, worked as a soap boiler and tallow chandler. Benjamin’s mother, Abiah Folger, was from Nantucket but her family derived from England as well. Benjamin Franklin’s entire life, which lasted almost the entire eighteenth century, was based upon order and systematic discipline in addition to his dependence on wisdom and intelligence. Franklin was sincere, honest, and was apt to self-examination. He acquired long lasting friends from persons of every age. Franklin found unquestionable delight in living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benjamin Franklin started attending school at the age of 8 and was at the head of his class by the end of his first year. After only attending his first school for one year he moved on to math and arithmetic school. He failed out of that school by the time he was 10. He then quit school completely in order to assist his father in the soap and candle making business. At age 12 he moved on to be an apprentice to his older brother James, who was a printer. Soon Franklin had ambitions to write and by age 16 he had written a series of letters by an imaginary author. The letters were printed in the New England Courant, which was published by his brother. Still pursuing his writing career, he ran away to Philadelphia and continued working in the printing business. He arrived in 1725 with one Dutch dollar and one copper shilling. By 1729, he had bought and published The Pennsylvania Gazette. He then married his landlady’s daughter, Deborah Reed. In the next seventeen years Franklin had three children, published the first Poor Richards Almanac, and invented the Pennsylvania fireplace, among many other things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1747, Franklin began his electrical experiments and then retired from the printing trade. His book, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, was published soon after that. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765 and Franklin wrote anonymously in London newspapers against the act, which was repealed the next year. In 1771, he wrote the first part of his autobiography, three years before his wife died. In 1776, Franklin, along with Adams, Livingston, Jefferson and Sherman, drafted the Declaration of Independence. It was adopted on July 4, 1776. Later in 1776, Franklin was elected as the Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention and appointed one of the three commissioners to the French Court.

Marriage: Easy Divorce :: essays research papers

Marriage: Easy Divorce   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I do not agree with getting married until you are positive that you want to have a huge commitment to another person, I favor the easier divorce. I think that a divorce is not really anyone's fault. (unless it is) The divorce should be done as quickly as possible in either case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you find yourself getting married to the person that you thought you loved-but later on in life you find that you weren't ready for marriage, then it's not really anyone's fault. You may have made a mistake by getting married to quickly, but people make mistakes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometimes, you may find that your spouse and you make better friends than husband and wife. That could happen and I'm sure it's probably already happened once or twice. In this case, it is not really anyone's fault. You just go on with life just as you always had before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that people shouldn't get married until they are totally positive that their spouse is the person that they want to have a lifetime commitment with. If they even think twice, then they are not ready for marriage. I know that not everyone will feel the same way that I do on this subject, but if everyone did, it could improve the divorce rate. I think that we should just get the divorce over with as quickly as possible and get to living our lives again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I know someone's dad who got into a relationship with another woman. This person's mother got married at a very young age. She thought she was ready, but she wasn't. After being married and having three children, her husband told

Alexander G. Bell :: essays research papers

April I87I Alexander Bell mooves ot Boston where again he teaches deaf people at the Clarke School for Deat Mutes, Boston Massachustets and also the American Asylum for the Death, Hartford Connecticut I873 Alexander Bell becomes a Professor of Elocution and Vocal Physiology for the University of Boston two of his death students will be of vital importance to the invention of the phone, having wealthy parents they get Alexander Bell into contact with people that have money to finance his invention Mabbel Hubbard, his future wife and daughter of the attorney Gardiner Green Hubbard George Sanders, son of Leather business man Thomas Sanders teacher Alexander Bell mai I874 Alexander Bell and ear doctor Clarence Blake experiment around the mechanics of the human ear. With the help of the phonautograph they want to represent the sound by graphics while shopping in Charles William's electrician shop in Boston Aleaxnder Bell meets a young electrician Thomas Watson in the summer Alexander Bell has an idea .... but how to make this funny idea work some money is necessary to finance the experiments luckily there was Mabel Hubbard ..... an idea: The Telegraph, using dot-and-dash Morse codes was limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Woudn't there be a possibility to transmit multiple messages at the same time over the same wire ? Alexander Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound gave him the idea to transmit multiple messages at the same time his 'harmonic Telegraph' was based on the Principle that several codes would be sent simoultaneously if notes and signals differed in pitch when Alexander Bell began experimenting the Telegraph, next to the Post was the current means of communication. Mabel convinces her father Gardiner Huddard to finance the experiment feb 27 I875 a business venture, Bell Patent Association is signed between Alexander Bell, Thomas Sanders and Gardiner G Hubbard experimenting, experimenting, experimenting and November 25 I875 a first result .... not the invention, but Alexander Bell and Mabel Hubbard get engaged .... and finally Bell's telephone patent is widely considered to be the most valuable patent ever issued it was followed by hundreds of legal suits Phonebook of the World was surprised to hear from a visitor of the Website that Philipp Reis had already presented a similar invention I5 years earlier october 26 I86I february I4 I876 in the US Patent Office a certain patent n ° I74 465 gets filed luckily it didn't take any longer imagine only 3 hours later ! Elisha Gray, a different inventor working completely independently files another pattern related to the telephone Alexander Bell's patent is accepted march 7 I876 assistant Thomas A Watson neither Alexander Bell's nor Elisha Gray's theories of the phone were working ... but only a month later march I0 I876 . Alexander G. Bell :: essays research papers April I87I Alexander Bell mooves ot Boston where again he teaches deaf people at the Clarke School for Deat Mutes, Boston Massachustets and also the American Asylum for the Death, Hartford Connecticut I873 Alexander Bell becomes a Professor of Elocution and Vocal Physiology for the University of Boston two of his death students will be of vital importance to the invention of the phone, having wealthy parents they get Alexander Bell into contact with people that have money to finance his invention Mabbel Hubbard, his future wife and daughter of the attorney Gardiner Green Hubbard George Sanders, son of Leather business man Thomas Sanders teacher Alexander Bell mai I874 Alexander Bell and ear doctor Clarence Blake experiment around the mechanics of the human ear. With the help of the phonautograph they want to represent the sound by graphics while shopping in Charles William's electrician shop in Boston Aleaxnder Bell meets a young electrician Thomas Watson in the summer Alexander Bell has an idea .... but how to make this funny idea work some money is necessary to finance the experiments luckily there was Mabel Hubbard ..... an idea: The Telegraph, using dot-and-dash Morse codes was limited to receiving and sending one message at a time. Woudn't there be a possibility to transmit multiple messages at the same time over the same wire ? Alexander Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound gave him the idea to transmit multiple messages at the same time his 'harmonic Telegraph' was based on the Principle that several codes would be sent simoultaneously if notes and signals differed in pitch when Alexander Bell began experimenting the Telegraph, next to the Post was the current means of communication. Mabel convinces her father Gardiner Huddard to finance the experiment feb 27 I875 a business venture, Bell Patent Association is signed between Alexander Bell, Thomas Sanders and Gardiner G Hubbard experimenting, experimenting, experimenting and November 25 I875 a first result .... not the invention, but Alexander Bell and Mabel Hubbard get engaged .... and finally Bell's telephone patent is widely considered to be the most valuable patent ever issued it was followed by hundreds of legal suits Phonebook of the World was surprised to hear from a visitor of the Website that Philipp Reis had already presented a similar invention I5 years earlier october 26 I86I february I4 I876 in the US Patent Office a certain patent n ° I74 465 gets filed luckily it didn't take any longer imagine only 3 hours later ! Elisha Gray, a different inventor working completely independently files another pattern related to the telephone Alexander Bell's patent is accepted march 7 I876 assistant Thomas A Watson neither Alexander Bell's nor Elisha Gray's theories of the phone were working ... but only a month later march I0 I876 .

Impact on the Small Coralline Cay

Experiment Number: 5 Date: December 8,2011. Aim: To assess and analyze man’s impact on the small coralline cay- Lime cay. Apparatus: boat Introduction: Lime cay is a small coralline cay that is mostly used by humans for their personal entertainment. By visiting this cay, man has had detrimental effects on the environment. In the earlier times, man’s impact was not so prevalent, however, overtime it has increased as agricultural practices and technology has been introduced. The effects can rise from pollution to global deforestation, which results in the death of many organisms.This can lead to species and genetic diversity being lost and also gives rise to extinction of some species. The adverse effects will be discussed later in details. Procedure: A small boat was used to travel to lime cay where the students walked around the small coralline cay and recorded all observations, which indicated man’s impact on this environment. Observation: Pictures showing the s mall coraline cay-Lime cay and evidence of the presence of man’s pollution. Picture showing an example of an organism that lives on the cay that is affected by man’s presence (sea urchin).Table showing the organisms present on the cay and their preys Organisms Being Fed On| Organisms Feeding| Flowers| Snails and Bees| Snails and Fish| Turtle| Leaf litter | Earthworm| Phytoplankton| Zooplankton| Algae| Sea Urchin and Fish| Fungi| Crab and Sand Fly| Wood| Wood Boring Beetle| Tree Bark| Termite| Woodlouse and Bees| Spider| Bird| Pelican| Bees and Earthworm | Bird| Discussion Questions: (a) Create a food web of all the organisms present on the cay. Pelican Stingray Shark LizardBird Turtle Spider Fish Wood boring Earthworm Sea urchin Zooplankton Bees Snails Crab Sandfly Beetle Termite Leaf litter Algae Phytoplankton Flowers Fungi Wood Treebark (b) What is the significance of the cay? The significance of the cay is to: (1) provide a habitat for a variety of organisms that we re present on the cay (2) to aid in breaking heavy wave and tidal action and (3) to serve as a recreational ground for humans. c) What are the ways that man affects this habitat? Man affects this habitat by pollution when it is used for recreation, by deforestation/slash and burn method, by causing eutrophication, overfishing, oil spills and exposing unwanted predators. (d) Do you see any animals or evidence of any animals? What organisms are affected by man’s activities and how? Yes, there were animals seen. The animals seen were crabs (their tracks and their holes were spotted) ground lizards, pelicans, birds, fishes, sea urchins, spiders (spider webs were spotted) snails, stingray and a turtle.Generally speaking, with human activities being practiced on the cay, it resulted in habitat destruction. Changes usually take time for the organisms to adjust. However, when changes occur at a fast pace, there is little or no time for individual species to react and adjust to new ci rcumstances. This created disastrous results, and for this reason, the rapid habitat loss causes species to migrate to other areas to live. On the cay there was a lot of garbage left behind from human activities. These consisted of mainly plastic materials such as cups and bags.Trash like plastic, can cause death to fishes as plastics take a while to biodegrade and therefore remain in the water. Fishes sometimes mistake plastic for food and ingest it, which results in a blockage in their digestive systems killing the fish. Plastic can also get wrapped around their necks and choke them or it could get stuck in their mouths, making it unable for the fish to eat and so it might starve and also die. Another observation made was a traveling cargo ship. This activity released pollutants into the water and also made it prone to oil spills.An oil spill has the most hazardous effect on aquatic and terrestrial life. The oil coats the fish’s outer layer and kills it. Also, oil affects s ea birds as it sticks to their wings rendering them flightless. Oil settles on top of water and so forms a thick layer that is opaque, which prevents sunlight from reaching marine plants, so photosynthesis is obstructed. Oil spills may result in eutrophication, which feeds algae blooms. When algae dies they sink to the bottom where they are decomposed. The decomposition process uses oxygen and deprives the deeper waters of oxygen, which can kill fish and other organisms.Also the necessary nutrients are all at the bottom of the aquatic ecosystem and if they are not brought up closer to the surface, where there is more available light allowing for photosynthesis for aquatic plants, a serious strain is placed on algae populations. Growth of algal blooms disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing a variety of problems such as a lack of oxygen needed for fish and other organisms to survive. Also it may be noted that by human activities, which cause organisms to migrate, makes them more available to predation.Additionally, it can increase competition for food and space between organisms. Another point that was observed was the presence of fishermen. Overfishing decreases the population of fishes in the area, which disrupts the food chain as terrestrial organisms that feed on aquatic life have less food to eat. Also human activities affect turtle nesting, as the turtle was seen moving outwards from the cay. This suggested that based on the exposure to unwanted predators, turtles might see the cay as unsafe to lay their eggs.There may have also been introduction to pests as a result of the garbage and also pests may come to the cay in boats. Lastly, we can look at the effect of the method slash and burn method. Evidence of the burning of wood was seen which resulted in the various plants and animals that lived there being swept away. This could also have been the area where only one particular species is kept and slashing and burning could result in extinct ion for that species. This also affects organisms that live in the soil, like the bacteria, that would result in their death. e) Is the only impact by those who visit the cay? No, the impact is not only by those who visit the cay, the impact of the habitat destruction is also by pests as stated before like rats who come on the cay and create mass destruction to the organisms living there. (f) As a manager, what would you suggest to minimize man’s impact on this environment? There should be provision of proper disposal facilities, where the site can be kept clean of litter and the waste and contaminants are not runoff into the water.Implementing in-situ conversation and management practices to exclude or eliminate pests, so pesticides are unnecessary and the organisms will be protected is another suggestion for minimizing the impact. With the prevention of pollution, eutrophication will decrease. Plastics can be collected in a container for recycling, so recycling bin can also be put into play. And lastly, rules should be implemented against burning of materials on the cay. Conclusion: Man has significantly impacted lime cay and evidence was there to support this theory, which resulted in many detrimental effects to the organism present on this cay.